Here are some extracts from Part 2:
"There may not be any consensus about the best terms in which
to describe the organized complexity exemplified by living organisms,
but the challenge has been clearly laid out. Also, it remains uncertain
just what kind of explanation the most sophisticated models coming out
of systems biology might yield--whether, for instance, such explanations
will fall within the range of human reason, graspable by our cognitive
capacities, or whether they will require reliance on computers that are
so much better at handling complexity than we are. But that is another
question altogether. Perhaps, in the end, if and when we succeed in
explaining just what it is that is so distinctive about biological
entities, Kant will have been proven right--right, that is, about the
relation between such accounts and the capacities of human judgement."
She refers to work of Walter Fontana and Leo Buss, who conclude that "The traditional theory of 'dynamical systems' is not equipped for dealing with constructive processes". I think that is a serious understatement! What they claim is required is an "...effort to expand the traditional theory to include objects, their internal properties, their construction, and their dynamics", i.e. a theory of "Constructive dynamical systems".
My paper on construction kits (reference below) goes beyond that to require both evolution and development to be capable of creating not only new objects, but also multiple (branching) layers of new construction kits that enrich the variety and complexity of objects that can be constructed, the processes that can occur in them (e.g. developmental, learning, communicating, and problem solving processes) and the behaviours that can be produced as a result, including interactions with structured objects of many types, in the environment, including other organisms.
Moreover the theory claims not only that new construction kits can extend the types of organism that are produced by biological evolution, but also that construction kits are produced (by second-order, or meta-construction kits) during development of individual organisms. I.e. instead of the genome having to specify construction processes for every component and every function of the organism with that genome, genomes can instead specify construction kits that can be invoked during development to create components, and the details of the construction kits may be influenced by results of earlier constructions or sensed features of the environment during development of the organism.
A spectacular example in humans is the development of a multi-level collection of construction kits for aspects of language where at each level the construction process can be influenced by both the current environment and the products of construction kits that were active at earlier stages. This is what we call a Meta-Configured Genome (MCG), explained in more detail here: http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/cogaff/movies/meta-config/
This work is part of the Turing-inspired Meta-Morphogenesis project:
http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/cogaff/misc/meta-morphogenesis.html
http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/cogaff/misc/meta-morphogenesis.pdf
Note added: 14 Apr 2024
A recent major extension of that project, including discussing mechanisms of
evolution, development, and reproduction, including amazing processes of
metamorphosis of insects in coccoons or pupas, can be found in this huge and
still growing document (work in progress):
http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/cogaff/misc/meta-morphogenesis.html
To be continued ... possibly ...
The paper on Evolved Construction Kits is available here:
http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/cogaff/misc/construction-kits.html
http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/cogaff/misc/construction-kits.pdf
Comments, criticisms, suggestions, all welcome.
Aaron Sloman
http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~axs
1 Mar 2015; 20 Dec 2020 (minor reformatting)