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² I have argued elsewhere that the concept of "consciousness" labelled by a noun is problematic, in part because the adjectival forms are more basic than the noun, and the adjectival forms have types of context-sensitivity that can lead to truth-values that depend on context in complex ways. Some of the issues are summarised in
http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/cogaff/misc/family-resemblance-vs-polymorphism.html

³ http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/cogaff/crp/#chap2

⁴ http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/cogaff/misc/explaining-possibility.html

⁵ Summarised in
http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/cogaff/misc/meta-morphogenesis.html

⁶ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_programming

⁷ Assembly mechanisms are part of the organism, illustrated in a video of grass "growing itself" from seed
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JbiQtfr6AYk.
In mammals with a placenta, more of the assembly process is shared between mother and offspring.

⁸ Implications for evolution of vision and language are discussed in
http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/cogaff/talks/#talk111

⁹ http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/cogaff/misc/autism.html

¹⁰ Examples include:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parse_tree
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_formula
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowchart
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_geometry
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entity-relationship_model
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language

¹¹ http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/cogaff/00-02.html#71

¹² Often misleadingly labelled "non-linear".
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_theory
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear_control

¹³ E.g. See [Sloman 2015]

¹⁴ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meccano, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinkertoy and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego

¹⁵ E.g. see James Ashenhurst's tutorial:
http://www.masterorganicchemistry.com/2011/11/10/dont-be-futyl-learn-the-butyls/

¹⁶ Partly inspired by memories of a talk by Lionel Penrose in Oxford around 1960 about devices he called droguli - singular drogulus. Such naturally occurring multi-stable physical structures seem to me to render redundant the apparatus proposed in [Deacon 2011] to explain how life apparently goes against the second law of thermodynamics. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incomplete_Nature

¹⁷ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_doll

¹⁸ Such as putting a shirt on a child (I think Piaget noticed some of the requirements):
http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/cogaff/misc/shirt.html.

NOT USED ¹⁹ http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/cogaff/misc/toddler-theorems.html#primes

NOT ²⁰ [Trehub 1991] proposed an architecture for vision that allows snapshots from visual saccades to be integrated in a multi-layer fixation-independent visual memory.

²¹ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-streams_hypothesis

²² The BICA society aims to bring together researchers on biologically inspired cognitive architectures. Some examples are here: http://bicasociety.org/cogarch/

²³ Our SimAgent toolkit is an example [Sloman 1996b].
http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/poplog/packages/simagent.html

NNNN ²⁴ As discussed in connection with "toddler theorems" in
http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/cogaff/misc/toddler-theorems.html
Contributions from observant parents and child-minders are welcome. I think deeper insights come from extended individual developmental trajectories than from statistical snapshots of many individuals.

²⁵ http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/feb/18/slime-mould-rail-road-transport-routes

²⁶ Such relationships between possibilities provide a deeper, more natural, basis for understanding modality (necessity, possibility, impossibility) than so called "possible world semantics". I doubt that most normal humans who can think about possibilities and impossibilities base that on thinking about truth in the whole world, past, present and future, and in the set of alternative worlds.

²⁷ For more on Kantian vs Humean causation see the presentations on different sorts of causal reasoning in humans and other animals, by Chappell and Sloman at the Workshop on Natural and Artificial Cognition (WONAC, Oxford, 2007):
http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/cogaff/talks/wonac
Varieties of causation that do not involve mathematical necessity, only probabilities (Hume?) or propensities (Popper) will not be discussed here.

²⁸ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiogenesis

²⁹ Some of them listed in http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/cogaff/misc/mathstuff.html

³⁰ This comparison needs further discussion. See
http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2012-12/fyi-which-computer-smarter-watson-or-deep-blue

³¹ For more on this see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church-Turing_thesis

³² Examples of human mathematical reasoning in geometry and topology that, as far as I know, still resist replication in computers are presented in
http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/cogaff/misc/torus.html, and
http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/cogaff/misc/triangle-sum.html

³³ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupa
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holometabolism

³⁴ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane

³⁵ See [Sloman 2015]

³⁶ Illustrated in these discussion notes:
http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/cogaff/misc/changing-affordances.html
http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/cogaff/misc/triangle-theorem.html
http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/cogaff/misc/torus.html

³⁷ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway.27s.Game.of.Life

³⁸ One of many online explanations is http://www.theprojectspot.com/tutorial-post/simulated-annealing-algorithm-for-beginners/6

³⁹ An interview with the author is online at
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wyQgCMZdv6E

⁴⁰ Natalie Wolchover, 2014, Report on work by Jeremy England, "This Physicist Has A Groundbreaking Idea About Why Life Exists" in Business Insider Dec. 8, 2014,
http://www.businessinsider.com/groundbreaking-idea-of-lifes-origin-2014-12
https://www.quantamagazine.org/20140122-a-new-physics-theory-of-life/

⁴¹ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wcXSpXyZVuY

⁴² See the cartoon teasing particle physicists above.

⁴³ I think the ideas about "making possible" used here are closely related to Alastair Wilson's ideas about grounding as "metaphysical causation" [Wilson 2015].